# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.http
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Werkzeug comes with a bunch of utilities that help Werkzeug to deal with
HTTP data. Most of the classes and functions provided by this module are
used by the wrappers, but they are useful on their own, too, especially if
the response and request objects are not used.
This covers some of the more HTTP centric features of WSGI, some other
utilities such as cookie handling are documented in the `werkzeug.utils`
module.
:copyright: (c) 2010 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import re
import inspect
try:
from email.utils import parsedate_tz
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
from email.Utils import parsedate_tz
from urllib2 import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
try:
from hashlib import md5
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
from md5 import new as md5
#: HTTP_STATUS_CODES is "exported" from this module.
#: XXX: move to werkzeug.consts or something
from werkzeug._internal import HTTP_STATUS_CODES
_accept_re = re.compile(r'([^\s;,]+)(?:[^,]*?;\s*q=(\d*(?:\.\d+)?))?')
_token_chars = frozenset("!#$%&'*+-.0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
'^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz|~')
_etag_re = re.compile(r'([Ww]/)?(?:"(.*?)"|(.*?))(?:\s*,\s*|$)')
_unsafe_header_chars = set('()<>@,;:\"/[]?={} \t')
_quoted_string_re = r'"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"'
_option_header_piece_re = re.compile(r';\s*([^\s;=]+|%s)\s*(?:=\s*([^;]+|%s))?\s*' %
(_quoted_string_re, _quoted_string_re))
_entity_headers = frozenset([
'allow', 'content-encoding', 'content-language', 'content-length',
'content-location', 'content-md5', 'content-range', 'content-type',
'expires', 'last-modified'
])
_hop_by_pop_headers = frozenset([
'connection', 'keep-alive', 'proxy-authenticate',
'proxy-authorization', 'te', 'trailers', 'transfer-encoding',
'upgrade'
])
def quote_header_value(value, extra_chars='', allow_token=True):
"""Quote a header value if necessary.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
:param value: the value to quote.
:param extra_chars: a list of extra characters to skip quoting.
:param allow_token: if this is enabled token values are returned
unchanged.
"""
value = str(value)
if allow_token:
token_chars = _token_chars | set(extra_chars)
if set(value).issubset(token_chars):
return value
return '"%s"' % value.replace('\\', '\\\\').replace('"', '\\"')
def unquote_header_value(value, is_filename=False):
r"""Unquotes a header value. (Reversal of :func:`quote_header_value`).
This does not use the real unquoting but what browsers are actually
using for quoting.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
:param value: the header value to unquote.
"""
if value and value[0] == value[-1] == '"':
# this is not the real unquoting, but fixing this so that the
# RFC is met will result in bugs with internet explorer and
# probably some other browsers as well. IE for example is
# uploading files with "C:\foo\bar.txt" as filename
value = value[1:-1]
# if this is a filename and the starting characters look like
# a UNC path, then just return the value without quotes. Using the
# replace sequence below on a UNC path has the effect of turning
# the leading double slash into a single slash and then
# _fix_ie_filename() doesn't work correctly. See #458.
if not is_filename or value[:2] != '\\\\':
return value.replace('\\\\', '\\').replace('\\"', '"')
return value
def dump_options_header(header, options):
"""The reverse function to :func:`parse_options_header`.
:param header: the header to dump
:param options: a dict of options to append.
"""
segments = []
if header is not None:
segments.append(header)
for key, value in options.iteritems():
if value is None:
segments.append(key)
else:
segments.append('%s=%s' % (key, quote_header_value(value)))
return '; '.join(segments)
def dump_header(iterable, allow_token=True):
"""Dump an HTTP header again. This is the reversal of
:func:`parse_list_header`, :func:`parse_set_header` and
:func:`parse_dict_header`. This also quotes strings that include an
equals sign unless you pass it as dict of key, value pairs.
>>> dump_header({'foo': 'bar baz'})
'foo="bar baz"'
>>> dump_header(('foo', 'bar baz'))
'foo, "bar baz"'
:param iterable: the iterable or dict of values to quote.
:param allow_token: if set to `False` tokens as values are disallowed.
See :func:`quote_header_value` for more details.
"""
if isinstance(iterable, dict):
items = []
for key, value in iterable.iteritems():
if value is None:
items.append(key)
else:
items.append('%s=%s' % (
key,
quote_header_value(value, allow_token=allow_token)
))
else:
items = [quote_header_value(x, allow_token=allow_token)
for x in iterable]
return ', '.join(items)
def parse_list_header(value):
"""Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2.
In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of
the list may include quoted-strings. A quoted-string could
contain a comma. A non-quoted string could have quotes in the
middle. Quotes are removed automatically after parsing.
It basically works like :func:`parse_set_header` just that items
may appear multiple times and case sensitivity is preserved.
The return value is a standard :class:`list`:
>>> parse_list_header('token, "quoted value"')
['token', 'quoted value']
To create a header from the :class:`list` again, use the
:func:`dump_header` function.
:param value: a string with a list header.
:return: :class:`list`
"""
result = []
for item in _parse_list_header(value):
if item[:1] == item[-1:] == '"':
item = unquote_header_value(item[1:-1])
result.append(item)
return result
def parse_dict_header(value):
"""Parse lists of key, value pairs as described by RFC 2068 Section 2 and
convert them into a python dict:
>>> d = parse_dict_header('foo="is a fish", bar="as well"')
>>> type(d) is dict
True
>>> sorted(d.items())
[('bar', 'as well'), ('foo', 'is a fish')]
If there is no value for a key it will be `None`:
>>> parse_dict_header('key_without_value')
{'key_without_value': None}
To create a header from the :class:`dict` again, use the
:func:`dump_header` function.
:param value: a string with a dict header.
:return: :class:`dict`
"""
result = {}
for item in _parse_list_header(value):
if '=' not in item:
result[item] = None
continue
name, value = item.split('=', 1)
if value[:1] == value[-1:] == '"':
value = unquote_header_value(value[1:-1])
result[name] = value
return result
def parse_options_header(value):
"""Parse a ``Content-Type`` like header into a tuple with the content
type and the options:
>>> parse_options_header('Content-Type: text/html; mimetype=text/html')
('Content-Type: text/html', {'mimetype': 'text/html'})
This should not be used to parse ``Cache-Control`` like headers that use
a slightly different format. For these headers use the
:func:`parse_dict_header` function.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
:param value: the header to parse.
:return: (str, options)
"""
def _tokenize(string):
for match in _option_header_piece_re.finditer(string):
key, value = match.groups()
key = unquote_header_value(key)
if value is not None:
value = unquote_header_value(value, key == 'filename')
yield key, value
if not value:
return '', {}
parts = _tokenize(';' + value)
name = parts.next()[0]
extra = dict(parts)
return name, extra
def parse_accept_header(value, cls=None):
"""Parses an HTTP Accept-* header. This does not implement a complete
valid algorithm but one that supports at least value and quality
extraction.
Returns a new :class:`Accept` object (basically a list of ``(value, quality)``
tuples sorted by the quality with some additional accessor methods).
The second parameter can be a subclass of :class:`Accept` that is created
with the parsed values and returned.
:param value: the accept header string to be parsed.
:param cls: the wrapper class for the return value (can be
:class:`Accept` or a subclass thereof)
:return: an instance of `cls`.
"""
if cls is None:
cls = Accept
if not value:
return cls(None)
result = []
for match in _accept_re.finditer(value):
quality = match.group(2)
if not quality:
quality = 1
else:
quality = max(min(float(quality), 1), 0)
result.append((match.group(1), quality))
return cls(result)
def parse_cache_control_header(value, on_update=None, cls=None):
"""Parse a cache control header. The RFC differs between response and
request cache control, this method does not. It's your responsibility
to not use the wrong control statements.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
The `cls` was added. If not specified an immutable
:class:`RequestCacheControl` is returned.
:param value: a cache control header to be parsed.
:param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a
value on the :class:`CacheControl` object is changed.
:param cls: the class for the returned object. By default
:class:`RequestCacheControl` is used.
:return: a `cls` object.
"""
if cls is None:
cls = RequestCacheControl
if not value:
return cls(None, on_update)
return cls(parse_dict_header(value), on_update)
def parse_set_header(value, on_update=None):
"""Parse a set-like header and return a :class:`HeaderSet` object:
>>> hs = parse_set_header('token, "quoted value"')
The return value is an object that treats the items case-insensitively
and keeps the order of the items:
>>> 'TOKEN' in hs
True
>>> hs.index('quoted value')
1
>>> hs
HeaderSet(['token', 'quoted value'])
To create a header from the :class:`HeaderSet` again, use the
:func:`dump_header` function.
:param value: a set header to be parsed.
:param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a
value on the :class:`HeaderSet` object is changed.
:return: a :class:`HeaderSet`
"""
if not value:
return HeaderSet(None, on_update)
return HeaderSet(parse_list_header(value), on_update)
def parse_authorization_header(value):
"""Parse an HTTP basic/digest authorization header transmitted by the web
browser. The return value is either `None` if the header was invalid or
not given, otherwise an :class:`Authorization` object.
:param value: the authorization header to parse.
:return: a :class:`Authorization` object or `None`.
"""
if not value:
return
try:
auth_type, auth_info = value.split(None, 1)
auth_type = auth_type.lower()
except ValueError:
return
if auth_type == 'basic':
try:
username, password = auth_info.decode('base64').split(':', 1)
except Exception, e:
return
return Authorization('basic', {'username': username,
'password': password})
elif auth_type == 'digest':
auth_map = parse_dict_header(auth_info)
for key in 'username', 'realm', 'nonce', 'uri', 'nc', 'cnonce', \
'response':
if not key in auth_map:
return
return Authorization('digest', auth_map)
def parse_www_authenticate_header(value, on_update=None):
"""Parse an HTTP WWW-Authenticate header into a :class:`WWWAuthenticate`
object.
:param value: a WWW-Authenticate header to parse.
:param on_update: an optional callable that is called every time a
value on the :class:`WWWAuthenticate` object is changed.
:return: a :class:`WWWAuthenticate` object.
"""
if not value:
return WWWAuthenticate(on_update=on_update)
try:
auth_type, auth_info = value.split(None, 1)
auth_type = auth_type.lower()
except (ValueError, AttributeError):
return WWWAuthenticate(value.strip().lower(), on_update=on_update)
return WWWAuthenticate(auth_type, parse_dict_header(auth_info),
on_update)
def quote_etag(etag, weak=False):
"""Quote an etag.
:param etag: the etag to quote.
:param weak: set to `True` to tag it "weak".
"""
if '"' in etag:
raise ValueError('invalid etag')
etag = '"%s"' % etag
if weak:
etag = 'w/' + etag
return etag
def unquote_etag(etag):
"""Unquote a single etag:
>>> unquote_etag('w/"bar"')
('bar', True)
>>> unquote_etag('"bar"')
('bar', False)
:param etag: the etag identifier to unquote.
:return: a ``(etag, weak)`` tuple.
"""
if not etag:
return None, None
etag = etag.strip()
weak = False
if etag[:2] in ('w/', 'W/'):
weak = True
etag = etag[2:]
if etag[:1] == etag[-1:] == '"':
etag = etag[1:-1]
return etag, weak
def parse_etags(value):
"""Parse an etag header.
:param value: the tag header to parse
:return: an :class:`ETags` object.
"""
if not value:
return ETags()
strong = []
weak = []
end = len(value)
pos = 0
while pos < end:
match = _etag_re.match(value, pos)
if match is None:
break
is_weak, quoted, raw = match.groups()
if raw == '*':
return ETags(star_tag=True)
elif quoted:
raw = quoted
if is_weak:
weak.append(raw)
else:
strong.append(raw)
pos = match.end()
return ETags(strong, weak)
def generate_etag(data):
"""Generate an etag for some data."""
return md5(data).hexdigest()
def parse_date(value):
"""Parse one of the following date formats into a datetime object:
.. sourcecode:: text
Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT ; RFC 822, updated by RFC 1123
Sunday, 06-Nov-94 08:49:37 GMT ; RFC 850, obsoleted by RFC 1036
Sun Nov 6 08:49:37 1994 ; ANSI C's asctime() format
If parsing fails the return value is `None`.
:param value: a string with a supported date format.
:return: a :class:`datetime.datetime` object.
"""
if value:
t = parsedate_tz(value.strip())
if t is not None:
try:
year = t[0]
# unfortunately that function does not tell us if two digit
# years were part of the string, or if they were prefixed
# with two zeroes. So what we do is to assume that 69-99
# refer to 1900, and everything below to 2000
if year >= 0 and year <= 68:
year += 2000
elif year >= 69 and year <= 99:
year += 1900
return datetime(*((year,) + t[1:7])) - \
timedelta(seconds=t[-1] or 0)
except (ValueError, OverflowError):
return None
def is_resource_modified(environ, etag=None, data=None, last_modified=None):
"""Convenience method for conditional requests.
:param environ: the WSGI environment of the request to be checked.
:param etag: the etag for the response for comparison.
:param data: or alternatively the data of the response to automatically
generate an etag using :func:`generate_etag`.
:param last_modified: an optional date of the last modification.
:return: `True` if the resource was modified, otherwise `False`.
"""
if etag is None and data is not None:
etag = generate_etag(data)
elif data is not None:
raise TypeError('both data and etag given')
if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] not in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
return False
unmodified = False
if isinstance(last_modified, basestring):
last_modified = parse_date(last_modified)
modified_since = parse_date(environ.get('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE'))
if modified_since and last_modified and last_modified <= modified_since:
unmodified = True
if etag:
if_none_match = parse_etags(environ.get('HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'))
if if_none_match:
unmodified = if_none_match.contains_raw(etag)
return not unmodified
def remove_entity_headers(headers, allowed=('expires', 'content-location')):
"""Remove all entity headers from a list or :class:`Headers` object. This
operation works in-place. `Expires` and `Content-Location` headers are
by default not removed. The reason for this is :rfc:`2616` section
10.3.5 which specifies some entity headers that should be sent.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
added `allowed` parameter.
:param headers: a list or :class:`Headers` object.
:param allowed: a list of headers that should still be allowed even though
they are entity headers.
"""
allowed = set(x.lower() for x in allowed)
headers[:] = [(key, value) for key, value in headers if
not is_entity_header(key) or key.lower() in allowed]
def remove_hop_by_hop_headers(headers):
"""Remove all HTTP/1.1 "Hop-by-Hop" headers from a list or
:class:`Headers` object. This operation works in-place.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
:param headers: a list or :class:`Headers` object.
"""
headers[:] = [(key, value) for key, value in headers if
not is_hop_by_hop_header(key)]
def is_entity_header(header):
"""Check if a header is an entity header.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
:param header: the header to test.
:return: `True` if it's an entity header, `False` otherwise.
"""
return header.lower() in _entity_headers
def is_hop_by_hop_header(header):
"""Check if a header is an HTTP/1.1 "Hop-by-Hop" header.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
:param header: the header to test.
:return: `True` if it's an entity header, `False` otherwise.
"""
return header.lower() in _hop_by_pop_headers
# circular dependency fun
from werkzeug.datastructures import Headers, Accept, RequestCacheControl, \
ResponseCacheControl, HeaderSet, ETags, Authorization, \
WWWAuthenticate
# DEPRECATED
# backwards compatible imports
from werkzeug.datastructures import MIMEAccept, CharsetAccept, LanguageAccept