# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
werkzeug.test
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This module implements a client to WSGI applications for testing.
:copyright: (c) 2010 by the Werkzeug Team, see AUTHORS for more details.
:license: BSD, see LICENSE for more details.
"""
import sys
import urlparse
import mimetypes
from time import time
from random import random
from itertools import chain
from tempfile import TemporaryFile
from cStringIO import StringIO
from cookielib import CookieJar
from urllib2 import Request as U2Request
from werkzeug._internal import _empty_stream, _get_environ
from werkzeug.wrappers import BaseRequest
from werkzeug.urls import url_encode, url_fix, iri_to_uri, _unquote
from werkzeug.wsgi import get_host, get_current_url, ClosingIterator
from werkzeug.datastructures import FileMultiDict, MultiDict, \
CombinedMultiDict, Headers, FileStorage
def stream_encode_multipart(values, use_tempfile=True, threshold=1024 * 500,
boundary=None, charset='utf-8'):
"""Encode a dict of values (either strings or file descriptors or
:class:`FileStorage` objects.) into a multipart encoded string stored
in a file descriptor.
"""
if boundary is None:
boundary = '---------------WerkzeugFormPart_%s%s' % (time(), random())
_closure = [StringIO(), 0, False]
if use_tempfile:
def write(string):
stream, total_length, on_disk = _closure
if on_disk:
stream.write(string)
else:
length = len(string)
if length + _closure[1] <= threshold:
stream.write(string)
else:
new_stream = TemporaryFile('wb+')
new_stream.write(stream.getvalue())
new_stream.write(string)
_closure[0] = new_stream
_closure[2] = True
_closure[1] = total_length + length
else:
write = _closure[0].write
if not isinstance(values, MultiDict):
values = MultiDict(values)
for key, values in values.iterlists():
for value in values:
write('--%s\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' %
(boundary, key))
reader = getattr(value, 'read', None)
if reader is not None:
filename = getattr(value, 'filename',
getattr(value, 'name', None))
content_type = getattr(value, 'content_type', None)
if content_type is None:
content_type = filename and \
mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or \
'application/octet-stream'
if filename is not None:
write('; filename="%s"\r\n' % filename)
else:
write('\r\n')
write('Content-Type: %s\r\n\r\n' % content_type)
while 1:
chunk = reader(16384)
if not chunk:
break
write(chunk)
else:
if isinstance(value, unicode):
value = value.encode(charset)
write('\r\n\r\n' + value)
write('\r\n')
write('--%s--\r\n' % boundary)
length = int(_closure[0].tell())
_closure[0].seek(0)
return _closure[0], length, boundary
def encode_multipart(values, boundary=None, charset='utf-8'):
"""Like `stream_encode_multipart` but returns a tuple in the form
(``boundary``, ``data``) where data is a bytestring.
"""
stream, length, boundary = stream_encode_multipart(
values, use_tempfile=False, boundary=boundary, charset=charset)
return boundary, stream.read()
def File(fd, filename=None, mimetype=None):
"""Backwards compat."""
from warnings import warn
warn(DeprecationWarning('werkzeug.test.File is deprecated, use the '
'EnvironBuilder or FileStorage instead'))
return FileStorage(fd, filename=filename, content_type=mimetype)
class _TestCookieHeaders(object):
"""A headers adapter for cookielib
"""
def __init__(self, headers):
self.headers = headers
def getheaders(self, name):
headers = []
name = name.lower()
for k, v in self.headers:
if k.lower() == name:
headers.append(v)
return headers
class _TestCookieResponse(object):
"""Something that looks like a httplib.HTTPResponse, but is actually just an
adapter for our test responses to make them available for cookielib.
"""
def __init__(self, headers):
self.headers = _TestCookieHeaders(headers)
def info(self):
return self.headers
class _TestCookieJar(CookieJar):
"""A cookielib.CookieJar modified to inject and read cookie headers from
and to wsgi environments, and wsgi application responses.
"""
def inject_wsgi(self, environ):
"""Inject the cookies as client headers into the server's wsgi
environment.
"""
cvals = []
for cookie in self:
cvals.append('%s=%s' % (cookie.name, cookie.value))
if cvals:
environ['HTTP_COOKIE'] = ', '.join(cvals)
def extract_wsgi(self, environ, headers):
"""Extract the server's set-cookie headers as cookies into the
cookie jar.
"""
self.extract_cookies(
_TestCookieResponse(headers),
U2Request(get_current_url(environ)),
)
def _iter_data(data):
"""Iterates over a dict or multidict yielding all keys and values.
This is used to iterate over the data passed to the
:class:`EnvironBuilder`.
"""
if isinstance(data, MultiDict):
for key, values in data.iterlists():
for value in values:
yield key, value
else:
for key, values in data.iteritems():
if isinstance(values, list):
for value in values:
yield key, value
else:
yield key, values
class EnvironBuilder(object):
"""This class can be used to conveniently create a WSGI environment
for testing purposes. It can be used to quickly create WSGI environments
or request objects from arbitrary data.
The signature of this class is also used in some other places as of
Werkzeug 0.5 (:func:`create_environ`, :meth:`BaseResponse.from_values`,
:meth:`Client.open`). Because of this most of the functionality is
available through the constructor alone.
Files and regular form data can be manipulated independently of each
other with the :attr:`form` and :attr:`files` attributes, but are
passed with the same argument to the constructor: `data`.
`data` can be any of these values:
- a `str`: If it's a string it is converted into a :attr:`input_stream`,
the :attr:`content_length` is set and you have to provide a
:attr:`content_type`.
- a `dict`: If it's a dict the keys have to be strings and the values
any of the following objects:
- a :class:`file`-like object. These are converted into
:class:`FileStorage` objects automatically.
- a tuple. The :meth:`~FileMultiDict.add_file` method is called
with the tuple items as positional arguments.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
`path` and `base_url` can now be unicode strings that are encoded using
the :func:`iri_to_uri` function.
:param path: the path of the request. In the WSGI environment this will
end up as `PATH_INFO`. If the `query_string` is not defined
and there is a question mark in the `path` everything after
it is used as query string.
:param base_url: the base URL is a URL that is used to extract the WSGI
URL scheme, host (server name + server port) and the
script root (`SCRIPT_NAME`).
:param query_string: an optional string or dict with URL parameters.
:param method: the HTTP method to use, defaults to `GET`.
:param input_stream: an optional input stream. Do not specify this and
`data`. As soon as an input stream is set you can't
modify :attr:`args` and :attr:`files` unless you
set the :attr:`input_stream` to `None` again.
:param content_type: The content type for the request. As of 0.5 you
don't have to provide this when specifying files
and form data via `data`.
:param content_length: The content length for the request. You don't
have to specify this when providing data via
`data`.
:param errors_stream: an optional error stream that is used for
`wsgi.errors`. Defaults to :data:`stderr`.
:param multithread: controls `wsgi.multithread`. Defaults to `False`.
:param multiprocess: controls `wsgi.multiprocess`. Defaults to `False`.
:param run_once: controls `wsgi.run_once`. Defaults to `False`.
:param headers: an optional list or :class:`Headers` object of headers.
:param data: a string or dict of form data. See explanation above.
:param environ_base: an optional dict of environment defaults.
:param environ_overrides: an optional dict of environment overrides.
:param charset: the charset used to encode unicode data.
"""
#: the server protocol to use. defaults to HTTP/1.1
server_protocol = 'HTTP/1.1'
#: the wsgi version to use. defaults to (1, 0)
wsgi_version = (1, 0)
#: the default request class for :meth:`get_request`
request_class = BaseRequest
def __init__(self, path='/', base_url=None, query_string=None,
method='GET', input_stream=None, content_type=None,
content_length=None, errors_stream=None, multithread=False,
multiprocess=False, run_once=False, headers=None, data=None,
environ_base=None, environ_overrides=None, charset='utf-8'):
if query_string is None and '?' in path:
path, query_string = path.split('?', 1)
self.charset = charset
if isinstance(path, unicode):
path = iri_to_uri(path, charset)
self.path = path
if base_url is not None:
if isinstance(base_url, unicode):
base_url = iri_to_uri(base_url, charset)
else:
base_url = url_fix(base_url, charset)
self.base_url = base_url
if isinstance(query_string, basestring):
self.query_string = query_string
else:
if query_string is None:
query_string = MultiDict()
elif not isinstance(query_string, MultiDict):
query_string = MultiDict(query_string)
self.args = query_string
self.method = method
if headers is None:
headers = Headers()
elif not isinstance(headers, Headers):
headers = Headers(headers)
self.headers = headers
self.content_type = content_type
if errors_stream is None:
errors_stream = sys.stderr
self.errors_stream = errors_stream
self.multithread = multithread
self.multiprocess = multiprocess
self.run_once = run_once
self.environ_base = environ_base
self.environ_overrides = environ_overrides
self.input_stream = input_stream
self.content_length = content_length
self.closed = False
if data:
if input_stream is not None:
raise TypeError('can\'t provide input stream and data')
if isinstance(data, basestring):
self.input_stream = StringIO(data)
if self.content_length is None:
self.content_length = len(data)
else:
for key, value in _iter_data(data):
if isinstance(value, (tuple, dict)) or \
hasattr(value, 'read'):
self._add_file_from_data(key, value)
else:
self.form.setlistdefault(key).append(value)
def _add_file_from_data(self, key, value):
"""Called in the EnvironBuilder to add files from the data dict."""
if isinstance(value, tuple):
self.files.add_file(key, *value)
elif isinstance(value, dict):
from warnings import warn
warn(DeprecationWarning('it\'s no longer possible to pass dicts '
'as `data`. Use tuples or FileStorage '
'objects instead'), stacklevel=2)
value = dict(value)
mimetype = value.pop('mimetype', None)
if mimetype is not None:
value['content_type'] = mimetype
self.files.add_file(key, **value)
else:
self.files.add_file(key, value)
def _get_base_url(self):
return urlparse.urlunsplit((self.url_scheme, self.host,
self.script_root, '', '')).rstrip('/') + '/'
def _set_base_url(self, value):
if value is None:
scheme = 'http'
netloc = 'localhost'
scheme = 'http'
script_root = ''
else:
scheme, netloc, script_root, qs, anchor = urlparse.urlsplit(value)
if qs or anchor:
raise ValueError('base url must not contain a query string '
'or fragment')
self.script_root = script_root.rstrip('/')
self.host = netloc
self.url_scheme = scheme
base_url = property(_get_base_url, _set_base_url, doc='''
The base URL is a URL that is used to extract the WSGI
URL scheme, host (server name + server port) and the
script root (`SCRIPT_NAME`).''')
del _get_base_url, _set_base_url
def _get_content_type(self):
ct = self.headers.get('Content-Type')
if ct is None and not self._input_stream:
if self.method in ('POST', 'PUT'):
if self._files:
return 'multipart/form-data'
return 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
return None
return ct
def _set_content_type(self, value):
if value is None:
self.headers.pop('Content-Type', None)
else:
self.headers['Content-Type'] = value
content_type = property(_get_content_type, _set_content_type, doc='''
The content type for the request. Reflected from and to the
:attr:`headers`. Do not set if you set :attr:`files` or
:attr:`form` for auto detection.''')
del _get_content_type, _set_content_type
def _get_content_length(self):
return self.headers.get('Content-Length', type=int)
def _set_content_length(self, value):
if value is None:
self.headers.pop('Content-Length', None)
else:
self.headers['Content-Length'] = str(value)
content_length = property(_get_content_length, _set_content_length, doc='''
The content length as integer. Reflected from and to the
:attr:`headers`. Do not set if you set :attr:`files` or
:attr:`form` for auto detection.''')
del _get_content_length, _set_content_length
def form_property(name, storage, doc):
key = '_' + name
def getter(self):
if self._input_stream is not None:
raise AttributeError('an input stream is defined')
rv = getattr(self, key)
if rv is None:
rv = storage()
setattr(self, key, rv)
return rv
def setter(self, value):
self._input_stream = None
setattr(self, key, value)
return property(getter, setter, doc)
form = form_property('form', MultiDict, doc='''
A :class:`MultiDict` of form values.''')
files = form_property('files', FileMultiDict, doc='''
A :class:`FileMultiDict` of uploaded files. You can use the
:meth:`~FileMultiDict.add_file` method to add new files to the
dict.''')
del form_property
def _get_input_stream(self):
return self._input_stream
def _set_input_stream(self, value):
self._input_stream = value
self._form = self._files = None
input_stream = property(_get_input_stream, _set_input_stream, doc='''
An optional input stream. If you set this it will clear
:attr:`form` and :attr:`files`.''')
del _get_input_stream, _set_input_stream
def _get_query_string(self):
if self._query_string is None:
if self._args is not None:
return url_encode(self._args, charset=self.charset)
return ''
return self._query_string
def _set_query_string(self, value):
self._query_string = value
self._args = None
query_string = property(_get_query_string, _set_query_string, doc='''
The query string. If you set this to a string :attr:`args` will
no longer be available.''')
del _get_query_string, _set_query_string
def _get_args(self):
if self._query_string is not None:
raise AttributeError('a query string is defined')
if self._args is None:
self._args = MultiDict()
return self._args
def _set_args(self, value):
self._query_string = None
self._args = value
args = property(_get_args, _set_args, doc='''
The URL arguments as :class:`MultiDict`.''')
del _get_args, _set_args
@property
def server_name(self):
"""The server name (read-only, use :attr:`host` to set)"""
return self.host.split(':', 1)[0]
@property
def server_port(self):
"""The server port as integer (read-only, use :attr:`host` to set)"""
pieces = self.host.split(':', 1)
if len(pieces) == 2 and pieces[1].isdigit():
return int(pieces[1])
elif self.url_scheme == 'https':
return 443
return 80
def __del__(self):
self.close()
def close(self):
"""Closes all files. If you put real :class:`file` objects into the
:attr:`files` dict you can call this method to automatically close
them all in one go.
"""
if self.closed:
return
try:
files = self.files.itervalues()
except AttributeError:
files = ()
for f in files:
try:
f.close()
except Exception, e:
pass
self.closed = True
def get_environ(self):
"""Return the built environ."""
input_stream = self.input_stream
content_length = self.content_length
content_type = self.content_type
if input_stream is not None:
start_pos = input_stream.tell()
input_stream.seek(0, 2)
end_pos = input_stream.tell()
input_stream.seek(start_pos)
content_length = end_pos - start_pos
elif content_type == 'multipart/form-data':
values = CombinedMultiDict([self.form, self.files])
input_stream, content_length, boundary = \
stream_encode_multipart(values, charset=self.charset)
content_type += '; boundary="%s"' % boundary
elif content_type == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded':
values = url_encode(self.form, charset=self.charset)
content_length = len(values)
input_stream = StringIO(values)
else:
input_stream = _empty_stream
result = {}
if self.environ_base:
result.update(self.environ_base)
def _path_encode(x):
if isinstance(x, unicode):
x = x.encode(self.charset)
return _unquote(x)
result.update({
'REQUEST_METHOD': self.method,
'SCRIPT_NAME': _path_encode(self.script_root),
'PATH_INFO': _path_encode(self.path),
'QUERY_STRING': self.query_string,
'SERVER_NAME': self.server_name,
'SERVER_PORT': str(self.server_port),
'HTTP_HOST': self.host,
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': self.server_protocol,
'CONTENT_TYPE': content_type or '',
'CONTENT_LENGTH': str(content_length or '0'),
'wsgi.version': self.wsgi_version,
'wsgi.url_scheme': self.url_scheme,
'wsgi.input': input_stream,
'wsgi.errors': self.errors_stream,
'wsgi.multithread': self.multithread,
'wsgi.multiprocess': self.multiprocess,
'wsgi.run_once': self.run_once
})
for key, value in self.headers.to_list(self.charset):
result['HTTP_%s' % key.upper().replace('-', '_')] = value
if self.environ_overrides:
result.update(self.environ_overrides)
return result
def get_request(self, cls=None):
"""Returns a request with the data. If the request class is not
specified :attr:`request_class` is used.
:param cls: The request wrapper to use.
"""
if cls is None:
cls = self.request_class
return cls(self.get_environ())
class ClientRedirectError(Exception):
"""
If a redirect loop is detected when using follow_redirects=True with
the :cls:`Client`, then this exception is raised.
"""
class Client(object):
"""This class allows to send requests to a wrapped application.
The response wrapper can be a class or factory function that takes
three arguments: app_iter, status and headers. The default response
wrapper just returns a tuple.
Example::
class ClientResponse(BaseResponse):
...
client = Client(MyApplication(), response_wrapper=ClientResponse)
The use_cookies parameter indicates whether cookies should be stored and
sent for subsequent requests. This is True by default, but passing False
will disable this behaviour.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
`use_cookies` is new in this version. Older versions did not provide
builtin cookie support.
"""
def __init__(self, application, response_wrapper=None, use_cookies=True):
self.application = application
if response_wrapper is None:
response_wrapper = lambda a, s, h: (a, s, h)
self.response_wrapper = response_wrapper
if use_cookies:
self.cookie_jar = _TestCookieJar()
else:
self.cookie_jar = None
self.redirect_client = None
def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Takes the same arguments as the :class:`EnvironBuilder` class with
some additions: You can provide a :class:`EnvironBuilder` or a WSGI
environment as only argument instead of the :class:`EnvironBuilder`
arguments and two optional keyword arguments (`as_tuple`, `buffered`)
that change the type of the return value or the way the application is
executed.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
If a dict is provided as file in the dict for the `data` parameter
the content type has to be called `content_type` now instead of
`mimetype`. This change was made for consistency with
:class:`werkzeug.FileWrapper`.
The `follow_redirects` parameter was added to :func:`open`.
Additional parameters:
:param as_tuple: Returns a tuple in the form ``(environ, result)``
:param buffered: Set this to True to buffer the application run.
This will automatically close the application for
you as well.
:param follow_redirects: Set this to True if the `Client` should
follow HTTP redirects.
"""
as_tuple = kwargs.pop('as_tuple', False)
buffered = kwargs.pop('buffered', False)
follow_redirects = kwargs.pop('follow_redirects', False)
environ = None
if not kwargs and len(args) == 1:
if isinstance(args[0], EnvironBuilder):
environ = args[0].get_environ()
elif isinstance(args[0], dict):
environ = args[0]
if environ is None:
builder = EnvironBuilder(*args, **kwargs)
try:
environ = builder.get_environ()
finally:
builder.close()
if self.cookie_jar is not None:
self.cookie_jar.inject_wsgi(environ)
rv = run_wsgi_app(self.application, environ, buffered=buffered)
if self.cookie_jar is not None:
self.cookie_jar.extract_wsgi(environ, rv[2])
# handle redirects
redirect_chain = []
status_code = int(rv[1].split(None, 1)[0])
while status_code in (301, 302, 303, 305, 307) and follow_redirects:
if not self.redirect_client:
# assume that we're not using the user defined response wrapper
# so that we don't need any ugly hacks to get the status
# code from the response.
self.redirect_client = Client(self.application)
self.redirect_client.cookie_jar = self.cookie_jar
redirect = dict(rv[2])['Location']
scheme, netloc, script_root, qs, anchor = urlparse.urlsplit(redirect)
base_url = urlparse.urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, '', '', '')).rstrip('/') + '/'
host = get_host(create_environ('/', base_url, query_string=qs)).split(':', 1)[0]
if get_host(environ).split(':', 1)[0] != host:
raise RuntimeError('%r does not support redirect to '
'external targets' % self.__class__)
redirect_chain.append((redirect, status_code))
# the redirect request should be a new request, and not be based on
# the old request
redirect_kwargs = {
'path': script_root,
'base_url': base_url,
'query_string': qs,
'as_tuple': True,
'buffered': buffered,
'follow_redirects': False,
}
environ, rv = self.redirect_client.open(**redirect_kwargs)
status_code = int(rv[1].split(None, 1)[0])
# Prevent loops
if redirect_chain[-1] in redirect_chain[:-1]:
raise ClientRedirectError("loop detected")
response = self.response_wrapper(*rv)
if as_tuple:
return environ, response
return response
def get(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to GET."""
kw['method'] = 'GET'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def post(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to POST."""
kw['method'] = 'POST'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def head(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to HEAD."""
kw['method'] = 'HEAD'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def put(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to PUT."""
kw['method'] = 'PUT'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def delete(self, *args, **kw):
"""Like open but method is enforced to DELETE."""
kw['method'] = 'DELETE'
return self.open(*args, **kw)
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s %r>' % (
self.__class__.__name__,
self.application
)
def create_environ(*args, **kwargs):
"""Create a new WSGI environ dict based on the values passed. The first
parameter should be the path of the request which defaults to '/'. The
second one can either be an absolute path (in that case the host is
localhost:80) or a full path to the request with scheme, netloc port and
the path to the script.
This accepts the same arguments as the :class:`EnvironBuilder`
constructor.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
This function is now a thin wrapper over :class:`EnvironBuilder` which
was added in 0.5. The `headers`, `environ_base`, `environ_overrides`
and `charset` parameters were added.
"""
builder = EnvironBuilder(*args, **kwargs)
try:
return builder.get_environ()
finally:
builder.close()
def run_wsgi_app(app, environ, buffered=False):
"""Return a tuple in the form (app_iter, status, headers) of the
application output. This works best if you pass it an application that
returns an iterator all the time.
Sometimes applications may use the `write()` callable returned
by the `start_response` function. This tries to resolve such edge
cases automatically. But if you don't get the expected output you
should set `buffered` to `True` which enforces buffering.
If passed an invalid WSGI application the behavior of this function is
undefined. Never pass non-conforming WSGI applications to this function.
:param app: the application to execute.
:param buffered: set to `True` to enforce buffering.
:return: tuple in the form ``(app_iter, status, headers)``
"""
environ = _get_environ(environ)
response = []
buffer = []
def start_response(status, headers, exc_info=None):
if exc_info is not None:
raise exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2]
response[:] = [status, headers]
return buffer.append
app_iter = app(environ, start_response)
# when buffering we emit the close call early and convert the
# application iterator into a regular list
if buffered:
close_func = getattr(app_iter, 'close', None)
try:
app_iter = list(app_iter)
finally:
if close_func is not None:
close_func()
# otherwise we iterate the application iter until we have
# a response, chain the already received data with the already
# collected data and wrap it in a new `ClosingIterator` if
# we have a close callable.
else:
while not response:
buffer.append(app_iter.next())
if buffer:
close_func = getattr(app_iter, 'close', None)
app_iter = chain(buffer, app_iter)
if close_func is not None:
app_iter = ClosingIterator(app_iter, close_func)
return app_iter, response[0], response[1]